Linking snowflake microstructure to multi-frequency radar observations

Linking snowflake microstructure to multi-frequency radar observations

[1] Spherical or spheroidal particle shape models are commonly used to calculate numerically the radar backscattering properties of aggregate snowflakes. A more complicated and computationally intensive approach is to use detailed models of snowflake structure together with numerical scattering models that can operate on arbitrary particle shapes. Recent studies have shown that there can be sig...

Multi-frequency observations of E-region HF radar aurora

Multi-frequency observations of E-region coherent backscatter from decametre waves reveal that auroral echoes tend to comprise two spectral components superimposed, one at low Doppler shifts, below 250 m s−1, and the other Doppler shifted to near the ion-acoustic speed or above, up to 800 m s−1. The low Doppler shift component occurs at all look directions; Doppler shifts near the ion acoustic ...

Finnish Meteorological Institute Contributions No. 93 Impact of the Microstructure of Precipitation and Hydrometeors on Multi-frequency Radar Observations

Deep multi–frequency radio observations

P. N. Best, S. A. Eales, M. S. Longair, S. Rawlings and H. J. A. Röttgering 1 Sterrewacht Leiden, Postbus 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands 2 Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of Wales Cardiff, P.O.Box 913, Cardiff, CF2 3YB, United Kingdom 3 Cavendish Astrophysics, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom 4 Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Keble R...

High-frequency radar observations of ocean surface currents.

This article reviews the discovery, development, and use of high-frequency (HF) radio wave backscatter in oceanography. HF radars, as the instruments are commonly called, remotely measure ocean surface currents by exploiting a Bragg resonant backscatter phenomenon. Electromagnetic waves in the HF band (3-30 MHz) have wavelengths that are commensurate with wind-driven gravity waves on the ocean ...